Skip to main content

IIT Gate PHD in microbiology syllbus and topic know more about gate microbiology examination

Image
By
         

Section 1: Historical Perspective
Discovery of microbial world; Landmark discoveries relevant to the field of
microbiology; Controversy over spontaneous generation; Role of microorganisms in
transformation of organic matter and in the causation of diseases.

Section 2: Methods in Microbiology
Pure culture techniques; Theory and practice of sterilization; Principles of microbial
nutrition; Enrichment culture techniques for isolation of microorganisms; Light-,
phase contrast- and electron-microscopy.

Section 3: Microbial Taxonomy and Diversity
Bacteria, Archea and their broad classification; Eukaryotic microbes: Yeasts, molds
and protozoa; Viruses and their classification; Molecular approaches to microbial
taxonomy.

Section 4: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure and Function
Prokaryotic Cells: cell walls, cell membranes, mechanisms of solute transport across
membranes, Flagella and Pili, Capsules, Cell inclusions like endospores and gas
vesicles; Eukaryotic cell organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Section 5: Microbial Growth
Definition of growth; Growth curve; Mathematical expression of exponential growth
phase; Measurement of growth and growth yields; Synchronous growth; Continuous
culture; Effect of environmental factors on growth.

Section 6: Control of Micro-organisms
Effect of physical and chemical agents; Evaluation of effectiveness of antimicrobial
agents.

Section 7: Microbial Metabolism
Energetics: redox reactions and electron carriers; An overview of metabolism;
Glycolysis; Pentose-phosphate pathway; Entner-Doudoroff pathway; Glyoxalate
pathway; The citric acid cycle; Fermentation; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration;
Chemolithotrophy; Photosynthesis; Calvin cycle; Biosynthetic pathway for fatty
acids synthesis; Common regulatory mechanisms in synthesis of amino acids;
Regulation of major metabolic pathways.

Section 8: Microbial Diseases and Host Pathogen Interaction
Normal microbiota; Classification of infectious diseases; Reservoirs of infection;
Nosocomial infection; Emerging infectious diseases; Mechanism of microbial
pathogenicity; Nonspecific defense of host; Antigens and antibodies; Humoral and
cell mediated immunity; Vaccines; Immune deficiency; Human diseases caused by
viruses, bacteria, and pathogenic fungi

Section 8: Chemotherapy/Antibiotics
General characteristics of antimicrobial drugs; Antibiotics: Classification, mode of
action and resistance; Antifungal and antiviral drugs.

Section 9: Microbial Genetics
Types of mutation; UV and chemical mutagens; Selection of mutants; Ames test for
mutagenesis; Bacterial genetic system: transformation, conjugation, transduction,
recombination, plasmids, transposons; DNA repair; Regulation of gene expression:
repression and induction; Operon model; Bacterial genome with special reference
to E.coli; Phage λ and its life cycle; RNA phages; RNA viruses; Retroviruses; Basic
concept of microbial genomics.

Section 10: Microbial Ecology
Microbial interactions; Carbon, sulphur and nitrogen cycles; Soil microorganisms
associated with vascular plants.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Beer production

By
Brewing  is the production of  beer  by steeping  a  starch  source (commonly cereal  grains, the most popular of which is  barley ) [1]  in water and  fermenting  the resulting sweet liquid with  yeast . It may be done in a  brewery  by a commercial brewer, at home by a  homebrewer , or by a variety of traditional methods such as communally by the  indigenous peoples in Brazil  when making  cauim . [2]  Brewing has taken place since around the 6th millennium BC, and archaeological evidence suggests that emerging civilizations including  ancient Egypt [3] and  Mesopotamia  brewed beer. [4]  Since the nineteenth century the  brewing industry  has been part of most western economies. The basic ingredients of beer are water and a  fermentable  starch source such as  malted barley . Most beer is fermented with a  brewer's yeast  and flavoured with  hops . [5]  Less widely used starch sources include  millet ,  sorghum and  cassava . [6]  Secondary sources ( adjuncts ), such as
Post a Comment
Read more

Mechanism of Action of Hydroxychloroquine as an Antirheumatic Drug

By
Mechanism of Action of Hydroxychloroquine as an Antirheumatic Drug Abstract The antimalarial agents chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been used widely for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. These compounds lead to improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters, but their slow onset of action distinguishes them from glucocorticoids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine increase pH within intracellular vacuoles and alter processes such as protein degradation by acidic hydrolases in the lysosome, assembly of macromolecules in the endosomes, and posttranslation modification of proteins in the Golgi apparatus. It is proposed that the antirheumatic properties of these compounds results from their interference with "antigen processing" in macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells. Acidic cytoplasmic compartments are required for the antigenic protein to be digested and for the pept
1 comment
Read more

When to see a doctor If you can't 😴sleep In over night or traveld sleep.you may be suffring from inosomia know more about inosomia

By
What is Insomnia? If you can't sleep, you may be wondering if you have insomnia. Insomnia is a complicated condition. What is the definition of insomnia? According to guidelines from a physician group,  insomnia  is difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, even when a person has the chance to do so. People with insomnia can feel dissatisfied with their sleep and usually experience one or more of the following symptoms : fatigue, low energy, difficulty concentrating, mood disturbances, and decreased performance in work or at school. How long does insomnia last? Insomnia may be characterized based on its duration.  Acute insomnia  is brief and often happens because of life circumstances (for example, when you can't fall asleep the night before an exam, or after receiving stressful or bad news). Many people may have experienced this type of passing sleep disruption, and it tends to resolve without any treatment. Chronic insomnia  is disrupted sleep t
Post a Comment
Read more