Science And Technology

Aspergillosis Etiology Aspergillus is a ubiquitous environmental mold that grows in organic matter in the soil. The organism grows as a soil mycelium (filamentous form) and forms aerial hyphal stalks. The conidia (spores) are about 2 to 10 micrometers in diameter. They are formed at the tips of the stalks (conidiophores) by asexual reproduction. Their hydrophobic nature aids in aerosolization.Humans routinely inhale the aerosolized conidia. The conidia are promptly eliminated from the respiratory tract, or may lead to colonization or infection dependent on the underlying local and general immune status of the host. Approximately 34 of 180 Aspergillus species are known to cause disease in humans. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common pathogenic species, accounting for 50% to 70% of the aspergillosis syndromes. Increasingly, however, aspergillosis is caused by nonfumigatus species, including A flavus, A terreus, A niger, and A versicolor. A niger is less pathogenic, perhaps due t...

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DNA polymerase In molecular biology, DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule. During this process, DNA polymerase "reads" the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones. Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerases are required to help duplicate the cell's DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each daughter cell. In this way, genetic information is passed down from generation to generation. Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form, in the process breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases. This opens up or "unzips" the double-stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used a...

EVOLUTION of Microbiology  Stromatolites Fossilized, photosynthetic, microbial mats • The Earth is about 4.5 billion years old. • Microorganisms have been around for about 4 billion years. • The early Earth was anoxic and much hotter. • The evidence suggests that biologically important molecules could be formed when gaseous mixtures like the primitive Earth are irradiated or shocked. The earliest “organisms” probably did not have any DNA. They consisted of RNA and just a few, if any proteins. When self-replicating RNA molecules became enclosed in membranes, they became the first cellular life forms. Soon, proteins become main cellular enzymes. Using DNA as the genome likely resulted from the need to store genetic information in a more stable form. Evolution of Life - a Time Scale What is the origin of eukaryotes? Many theories e.g.: 1) Archaea-like cells evolved a nucleus, endomembranes, and cytosketeton. 2) Endosymbiotic theory: Archaea like cell en...

Microcephaly Microcephaly is a rare neurological condition in which an infant's head is significantly smaller than the heads of other children of the same age and sex. Sometimes detected at birth, microcephaly usually is the result of the brain developing abnormally in the womb or not growing as it should after birth. Microcephaly can be caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Children with microcephaly often have developmental issues. Generally there's no treatment for microcephaly, but early intervention may help enhance your child's development and improve quality of life.   Symptoms Causes Complications Prevention   The primary sign of microcephaly is: A head size significantly smaller than that of other children of the same age and sex Head size is measured as the distance around the top of the child's head (circumference). Using standardized growth charts, the measurement is compared with other ch...